Indiana, with its diverse waterways, is home to several species of water snakes. These often-misunderstood reptiles play a crucial role in the state's ecosystem, but are frequently mistaken for venomous cottonmouths or copperheads. This comprehensive guide will help you identify the common water snakes of Indiana, understand their behavior, and learn how to safely coexist with them.
What types of water snakes live in Indiana?
Indiana is home to several species of water snakes, but the most commonly encountered are the Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon), the Midland Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon pleuralis), and occasionally, the Plain-bellied Watersnake (Nerodia erythrogaster). These snakes are non-venomous, although their defensive behavior can be alarming to those unfamiliar with them. Distinguishing features between species can be subtle, requiring a keen eye and potentially the assistance of a herpetologist for definitive identification.
How can I tell the difference between a water snake and a cottonmouth?
This is a crucial question, as the fear of venomous snakes often leads to the unnecessary killing of harmless water snakes. The key differences lie in subtle physical characteristics and behavior:
- Pupil Shape: Cottonmouths (venomous) have elliptical or cat-like pupils, while water snakes have round pupils.
- Head Shape: Cottonmouths typically have a broader, triangular head, while water snakes have a more slender head. This difference is not always pronounced.
- Body Pattern: While both can exhibit dark crossbands, cottonmouths often have a more uniform, dark coloration, especially along the back. Water snakes exhibit more variable banding patterns. However, coloration can vary significantly even within a species.
- Defensive Behavior: A cottonmouth will often display a gaping mouth revealing its white inner lining (hence the name). While water snakes may also flatten their heads and hiss defensively, they rarely display an open mouth in the same manner.
- Location: While both are found near water, cottonmouths are less common in Indiana than water snakes.
Important Note: Relying solely on visual identification in the field can be unreliable. If you are unsure, it is always best to err on the side of caution and maintain a safe distance.
Are water snakes dangerous?
While non-venomous, water snakes can deliver a painful bite if handled or threatened. Their bite is primarily defensive and rarely causes serious injury, usually only resulting in minor puncture wounds and some swelling. However, proper wound care is always recommended.
What do water snakes eat?
Water snakes are important predators in their aquatic environments. Their diet primarily consists of fish, frogs, tadpoles, salamanders, and other small aquatic creatures. This makes them a valuable part of the ecosystem, controlling populations of these prey species.
How can I prevent water snakes from entering my property?
While complete exclusion is unlikely, you can take steps to minimize encounters:
- Reduce cover: Remove debris, brush piles, and other potential hiding places around your property near water sources.
- Secure access points: Seal gaps and openings in your home's foundation, and ensure screens on windows and doors are in good repair.
- Manage vegetation: Keep grass trimmed and shrubs pruned, reducing potential hiding spots.
- Remove attractants: Minimize the presence of rodents, amphibians, and fish that serve as prey for water snakes.
What should I do if I see a water snake?
The best course of action is to observe the snake from a safe distance and leave it alone. They are beneficial to the ecosystem, and harassment or killing them is unnecessary and often harmful to the environment. If the snake poses a direct threat, calmly move away and contact a local wildlife rehabilitator or animal control agency for assistance.
Are water snakes protected in Indiana?
While not specifically listed as protected under state law, all non-venomous snakes in Indiana are protected from unnecessary harm. It is illegal to intentionally kill or injure them without justifiable reason, such as protecting yourself or others from an immediate threat.
This guide provides a general overview of water snakes in Indiana. For more detailed information, consult resources from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources or local herpetological societies. Remember, responsible coexistence with these fascinating creatures is vital for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
