The question of whether cottonmouth snakes ( Agkistrodon piscivorus) exist in Pennsylvania often sparks heated debate among residents and herpetology enthusiasts alike. The short answer is: no, cottonmouths are not native to Pennsylvania. However, the misconception persists, often fueled by misidentification of other snake species. This article will delve deeper into the reasons behind this misconception, explore similar-looking snakes found in the state, and address some frequently asked questions.
Are there venomous snakes in Pennsylvania?
Yes, Pennsylvania is home to several venomous snake species, but none of them are cottonmouths. The venomous snakes found in Pennsylvania are:
- Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus): A large, heavily-bodied pit viper with characteristic rattle at the end of its tail. It prefers rocky, wooded areas.
- Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix): A smaller pit viper with a distinctive copper-colored head and hourglass-shaped markings along its body. It can be found in a wider variety of habitats than the timber rattlesnake.
- Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus): A smaller rattlesnake species, often found in wetlands and grasslands. It is considered endangered in many parts of its range, including Pennsylvania.
These snakes are all venomous and should be treated with respect and caution. However, they are crucial parts of Pennsylvania's ecosystem and play important roles in controlling rodent populations.
What snakes in Pennsylvania are often mistaken for cottonmouths?
The confusion surrounding cottonmouths in Pennsylvania often stems from the misidentification of other, non-venomous species. Several snakes share some superficial similarities with cottonmouths, including:
- Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon): This is the most common culprit. Northern water snakes are semi-aquatic, often found near water, and can have dark, patterned markings that resemble a cottonmouth's banding. However, they lack the characteristic dark, almost black, mouth interior of a cottonmouth. Their pupil is round, while a cottonmouth has a cat-like, elliptical pupil.
- Banded Water Snake (Nerodia fasciata): Similar in habitat preference to the Northern Water Snake, the Banded Water Snake has a more distinct banding pattern, typically yellow or light brown bands on a darker background. Again, the lack of a dark mouth and round pupil distinguish it from a cottonmouth.
Careful observation of the snake's characteristics, particularly its head markings, pupil shape, and overall coloration, is crucial for accurate identification.
How can I tell the difference between a cottonmouth and a water snake?
The key differences lie in several features:
- Mouth color: A cottonmouth will display a stark white or pale interior of its mouth when threatened – hence the name "cottonmouth." Water snakes do not have this characteristic.
- Pupil shape: Cottonmouths have elliptical (cat-like) pupils, while water snakes have round pupils.
- Head shape: Cottonmouths generally have a broader, triangular head, while water snakes have more slender heads.
- Body patterns: While both can have dark bands, cottonmouth patterns are often more distinct and uniform.
- Location: Cottonmouths are found in the southeastern United States, not Pennsylvania. Finding a snake exhibiting cottonmouth-like characteristics in Pennsylvania almost certainly indicates a water snake.
What should I do if I see a snake in Pennsylvania?
The best course of action is to observe the snake from a safe distance and leave it alone. Most snakes are harmless and play a beneficial role in the ecosystem. If you are concerned about the snake's identity or feel threatened, contact a local wildlife expert or herpetologist for identification and assistance. Never attempt to handle a snake you suspect may be venomous.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only. This is not a substitute for professional advice from a herpetologist or wildlife expert. If you encounter a snake, err on the side of caution and maintain a safe distance.
